Proleptusmackenzieisp.n. (Nematoda, Spirurida) from Raja fyllae in the Barents Sea

Previous work on species of Proleptus Dujardin, 1845 and related genera is briefly reviewed. Proleptus mackenziei sp.n. is described and figured. P. mackenziei is close to P. obtusus, P. acutus and P. malayi but differs from them in the host, position of the vulva which is 2/5/ of the body length from the anus and in the detailed arrangements of the papillae on the male tail.     

COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF BIRD SOUNDS: A GUIDE TO CURRENT METHODS

ABSTRACT

Bioacoustics researchers can use a computer as a powerful tool to measure, classify, compare and synthetise sounds. Vocalisations on tape are commonly converted to a digital format suitable for a computer by using an analogue to digital converter and then a Fourier transformation. Alternatively, sonagrams can be measured, for example by using a digitising pad or an image analysis system. Correlations and indices of similarity have been used to compare sounds, but variations in both the time and frequency dimensions of a noise are a problem. A solution may be the use of pattern recognition methods such as elastic matching and time warping. These methods are briefly described and assessed.